Concrete art and design

Concrete art and design or concretism is an abstractionist movement evolving in the 1930's out of the work of De Stijl, the futurists and Kandinsky around the Swiss painter Max Bill. The term "concrete art" was first introduced by Theo van Doesburg in his "Manifesto of Concrete Art" (1930). In his understanding, this form of abstractionism must be free of any symbolical association with reality, arguing that lines and colors are concrete by themselves.

Painters who were also progressive designers and typographers practised Concrete art: abstract, geometrical, computational, flat- coloured. They carried their mathematical methods of spatial organization directly into their graphic work.